Interactive surveillance network and method

ABSTRACT

A plurality of modules interact to form an adaptive network in which each module transmits and receives data signals indicative of proximity of objects. A central computer accumulates the data produced or received and relayed by each module for analyzing proximity responses to transmit through the adaptive network control signals to a selectively-addressed module to respond to computer analyzes of the data accumulated from modules forming the adaptive network. Interactions of local processors in modules that sense an intrusion determine the location and path of movements of the intruding object and control cameras in the modules to retrieve video images of the intruding object. Multiple operational frequencies in adaptive networks permit expansions by additional networks that each operate at separate radio frequencies to avoid overlapping interaction. Additional modules may be introduced into operating networks without knowing the operating frequency at the time of introduction. New programs are distributed to all or selected modules under control of the base station.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority from, application Ser. No. 11/152,350 entitled “Adaptive Surveillance Network and Method,” filed on Jun. 13, 2005 by A. Broad, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/095,640 entitled “Surveillance System and Method, filed on Mar. 30, 2005 by A. Broad et al, which application are incorporated herein in the entirety by this reference to form a part hereof.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to adaptive networks and more particularly to sensing modules including proximity sensors and transceivers for communicating among adjacent modules in a self-adaptive network array that communicates intrusion information to local or central computers for controlling video cameras and associated equipment in or about an area of detected intrusion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Typical surveillance systems that are used to secure buildings or borders about a secured area commonly include closed-circuit video cameras around the secured area, with concomitant power and signal cabling to video monitors for security personnel in attendance to observe video images for any changed circumstances. Additionally, lighting may be installed about the area, or more-expensive night-vision equipment may be required to facilitate nighttime surveillance. Appropriate alarms and corrective measures may be initiated upon observation of a video image of changed circumstances that prompt human analysis and manual responses. These tactics are commonly expensive for video cameras and lighting installations and for continuing labor expenses associated with continuous shifts of attendant personnel.

More sophisticated systems commonly rely upon image-analyzing software to respond to image changes and reject false intrusion events while segregating true intrusion events for controlling appropriate alarm responses. However, such sophisticated systems nevertheless commonly require permanent installations of sensors, lighting and cameras with associated power and cabling that inhibit rapid reconfiguration, and that increase vulnerability to breakdown due to severing of wiring and cabling, or to unreliable operations upon exposure to severe weather conditions.

In a wireless sensor network, it may be desirable at times to update the software code that runs on the individual units of the network. Since these networks may include perhaps hundreds of individual units, manually loading the code can be time consuming and labor intensive for a field support person going to each unit and via a portable processor transferring the new code to each unit and then having each unit restart with the new code.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of individual mobile transceiver modules may be deployed around the perimeter of an installation to be secured in order to sense and transmit information about activity within a vicinity of a transceiver module. Each module wirelessly communicates its own sensory data and identity information to one or more similar adjacent modules, and can relay data signals received from one or more adjacent modules to other adjacent modules in the formation of a distributed self-adaptive wireless network that may communicate with a central computer. Such interaction of adjacent modules obviates power wiring and signal cabling and the need for an electromagnetic survey of an area to be secured, and promotes convenient re-structuring of perimeter sensors as desired without complications of re-assembling hard-wired sensors and monitors. In addition, interactions of adjacent modules establish verification of an intrusion event that is distinguishable from false detection events, and promote rapid coordinate location of the intrusion event for follow-up by computer-controlled video surveillance or other alarm responses. Multiple modules are deployed within and about a secured area to automatically configure a wirelessly-interconnected network of addressed modules that extends the range of individual radio transmission and identifies addressed locations in and about the secured area at which disabling or intrusion events occur. Frequency-shifting schemes among the modules inhibit jamming or unauthorized disabling of the network, and new modules may be added to the network in synchronism with prevailing reference frequency. The network of modules may be expanded about individual base stations that each operate on separate reference frequencies that are shifted synchronously in non-overlapping relationship. In this way, modules operating in one network associated with one base station are segregated from interaction with modules operating in another network, even within sufficient proximity to directly communicate if not so inhibited by distinctive reference frequencies. Modules are fabricated to include unique ID codes and ability to operate on a common set of different reference frequencies in order to be compatibly operable in an assembled network of such modules. Individual modules within the entire network may be reprogrammed from the base station over the radio links between modules.

Each of the wireless modules may be powered by batteries that can be charged using solar cells, and may include an individual video camera, all packaged for mobile deployment, self-contained operation and interaction with other similar modules over extended periods of time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a pictorial block diagram of a plurality of sensor modules in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a pictorial illustration of an array of spaced modules upon initialization of the adaptive network;

FIG. 3 is a pictorial illustration of the array of FIG. 2 following formation of an interactive network;

FIG. 4 is an exploded view of one configuration of a sensor module in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an operational embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating another operational embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating operation of a New Node in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating operations of a Joined Node in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating operation of a Base Station in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 10A, B, C are pictorial illustrations of operating modes of an interactive surveillance network in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a pictorial illustration of an expanded network in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a table showing a sample sequence of frequency-hopping operation according to the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating an operation of a base station;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart illustrating another operation of the base station; and

FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating an accelerated operation of the base station.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a plurality of individual sensor modules 9 deployed at spaced locations, for example, along a peripheral boundary of an area to be secured. Of course, additional sensor modules 11 may be deployed along pathways or entryways or other locations within the area to be secured in order to monitor traffic or other activities.

Each sensor module 9, 11 includes a proximity sensor 13 that may be, for example, a passive infrared sensor that responds to the presence or proximity of a warm object such as an individual, vehicle, or the like. Alternatively, the proximity sensor 13 may be an active infrared or radio or ultrasonic sensor that emits a signal and senses any echo attributable to presence of a reflective object within a sensing field of view. Of course, other sensors such as vibration detectors or light detectors may be used to respond to the presence of an intruding object.

In addition, each sensor module 9 includes a transceiver 15 that responds to radio transmissions from other similar modules, and also transmits radio signals to other modules for reception and relay or re-transmission thereby of such received signals. In this way, an array of modules 9, 11 forms an interactive, distributed network that operates self-adaptively on operative modules 9. Thus, if one module 9, 11 is added, removed or is rendered inoperative, then adjacent operative modules 9, 11 are capable of interacting to reconfigure a different distributed array, as later described herein.

Each sensor module 9, 11 also includes a processor 17 that controls operation of the transceiver 15 and proximity sensor 13 to produce data signals for transmission via the transceiver 15 to one or more adjacent modules 9, 11. In addition, the processor 17 may control random recurrences of monitoring events to amass information about any changes in circumstances associated with proximate objects, for conversion to data signals to be transmitted via transceiver 15. Each processor 17 may include alarm utilization circuitry for initiating alarms, commencing video surveillance via local video camera 10, or the like, upon command or upon sensing a change in proximity circumstances. Alternatively, the distributed network of modules 9, 11 may also communicate with a central computer 19 via a transceiver 21 acting as a gateway between the computer 19 and the distributed array of modules 9, 11 for communicating signals between the computer 19 and the network of interactive modules 9, 11, 12. Computer 19 may operate on a database 23 of address or identification code for each module 9, 11, 12 in order to communicate through the network of modules 9, 11 that each have different addresses or identification codes, to a particular module having a selected address. In this way, each module 9, 11, 12 may transmit and receive data signals specifically designating the module by its unique identification code or address. And, each module 9, 11, 12 is powered by self-contained batteries 25 and/or photovoltaic cells 27 that also operate to charge the batteries 25.

The modules 9, 11 may be disposed within conventional traffic-marking cones, as illustrated in FIG. 4, for convenient mobile placement or may be mounted on fence posts, or may be mounted on spikes driven into the ground within and about an area to be secured, or may be otherwise suitably mounted in, on and about areas or passageways that are to be secured against unauthorized intrusions.

The plurality of modules 9, 11 may interact, as later described herein, to distinguish between a false intrusion detection event and a true event for which alarm and other responses should be initiated. Certain proximity sensors such as passive infrared sensors or ultrasonic sensors may respond to a breeze of different temperature, or to objects blowing by in a strong wind and thereby create a false intrusion detection.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, such false intrusion detections are recognized to be predominantly random events attributable to stimulation of one sensor and likely not an adjacent sensor. Thus, correlation of sensor events among multiple adjacent sensors permits discrimination against false intrusion detections. Additional information is extracted throughout the network of multiple sensors, for example, responsive to an entry location and to movement along a path of travel. The additional information including, for example, time and duration and location of one or more sensor stimulations may be transmitted back to the central computer 19 through the network of modules 9, 11 for computerized correlation analysis of the additional information to verify a true intrusion event. Alternatively, modules 9, 11 disposed within or about a small area may communicate the additional information between modules to correlate the sensor stimulations and locally perform computerized correlation analysis within one or more of the processors 17 to verify a true intrusion event.

Additionally, the sensor information derived from a plurality of adjacent or neighboring modules 9, 11 may be analyzed by the central computer 19, or by local processors 17, to triangulate the location and path of movement of an intruder for producing location coordinates to which an installed video surveillance camera may be aligned. Thus, one or more stand-alone, battery-operated video surveillance cameras 12 with different addresses in the network may be selectively activated in an adjacent region only upon true intrusion events in the region for maximum unattended battery operation of the cameras 12. Such cameras 12 of diminutive size and low power consumption (such as commonly incorporated into contemporary cell phones) may operate for brief intervals during a true intrusion event to relay image data through the network of modules 9, 11 for storage in the database 23 along with such additional information as time of intrusion, duration and coordinates along a path of movement through the secured area, and the like. Alternatively, such cameras 10 of diminutive size may be housed in a module 9, 11 or conventional surveillance cameras 12 may be mounted in protected areas in association with high-level illumination 14 to be activated in response to an addressed command from computer 19 following analysis thereby of a true intrusion. Of course, battery-powered lighting 14 may also be incorporated into each module 9, 11 to be energized only upon determination by one or more processors 17, or by central computer 19, 21, 23 of a true intrusion occurring in the vicinity of such module 9, 11. Additionally, the video surveillance cameras 10, 12 may be operated selectively under control of the central computer 19, 21, 23 during no intrusion activity to scan the adjacent vicinity in order to update the database 23, 45 with image data about the local vicinity.

Referring now to the FIG. 2 illustration of a typical network that requires initialization, it may be helpful for understanding the formation of such a network to consider ‘cost’ as a value or number indicative of the amount of energy required to transmit a message to another receiving module. Higher cost translates, for example, into higher energy consumption from limited battery capacity in each module. In order for an adaptive network to form, a module (9-1 to 9-5) must select a parent or superior node to which to forward messages. The radio transmissions or beacons from neighboring modules (NM) inform a module about how well the NM's can receive its messages which include cost for the NM's to forward a message toward a base station, together with a ‘hop’ count (i.e., number of repeater or message relay operations) to such base station. This may not be enough information by which a module as a subordinate node can select a parent or superior node since a radio link may be highly asymmetrical on such two-way communications. Thus, a NM may receive clearly from a module but the module may not receive clearly from the NM. Selecting such NM as a parent would result in a poor communication link resulting in many message repeats and acknowledgements at concomitant cost.

However, such a module (9-1 to 9-5) can also ‘overhear’ a NM's transmissions that include the NM's neighborhood list (NL) as a pre-set maximum number, say 16, of modules from which the NM can receive. For greater numbers of modules, the NM excludes from the NL those modules with poor or lower-quality reception. Thus, if a receiving module does not detect its broadcast address or ID in a potential parent's NL, then that NM will not be selected as a parent. A base station (e.g., 9-5 connected to central computer 19, 21, 23) may be set to accommodate a larger number of modules in its NL to handle more children or subordinate modules for greater prospects of assembling an efficient adaptive network through some selection of modules and relay operations therebetween.

Transmitted messages from a module (9-1 to 9-5) contain several factors, including:

a) cost, as a number to be minimized which indicates to NM's the amount of energy required to transmit to a base station. The cost is a summation of all costs of all ‘hops’ to the base station (a base station 9-5 has zero cost to forward messages, so its messages are distinctive from messages of possible parent modules); and

b) the number of ‘hops’ to send a message to the base station; and

c) a packet sequence number (e.g., 16-bit integer) that is incremented every time a message is transmitted from the base station 9-5 or other module 9-1 to 9-4; and

d) a neighborhood list (NL) of all other modules in the vicinity from which the base station or other module can receive, including:

-   -   i) the ID of each NM; and     -   ii) a reception estimate of how well a module receives messages         from such NM as determined from processing the sequence numbers         in such message packets to compute a percent of lost packets.

Therefore, a module (9-1 to 9-5) may calculate a probability factor (PF) of success in transmitting to a possible parent, as: PF=(% of module's packets received by NM)×(% of possible parent's packets received by module).

Each module (9-1 to 9-4) may thus calculate its own cost (OC) of sending a message to the base station (9-5), as: OC=cost of NM/PF.

A module selects lowest OC to send a message.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, initialization of the network is facilitated by the base station (9-5) broadcasting a message including zero costs. In contrast, messages broadcast by all other modules (9-1 to 9-4) initially include infinite cost (since not yet determined how to route messages to the base station). And, there are no entries in the NL in initial broadcast messages. Data messages from a module are sent with a broadcast address since no parent has been selected. Modules (e.g., 9-3 and 9-4) that can receive base station messages from module 9-5 containing zero cost information will recognize that they can forward messages to such base station. Then, messages forwarded by modules 9-3 and 9-4 within the reception vicinity of the base station 9-5 enable the base station to assemble and include within their messages a NL of modules (including modules 9-3 and 9-4) that receive the base station messages. And, these modules then include the base station and other NM in their NL within broadcast messages. A parent (e.g., module 9-4) is then selected as a superior node by other modules as subordinate nodes whose messages each change from a broadcast address to the parent's address. The network formation thus propagates across the array to more remote nodes (e.g., modules 9-1 and 9-2) that are not in the reception vicinity of the base station 9-5.

Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 3, each module (e.g., module 9-1) may calculate a node cost as the parent's cost plus the cost of the link to the parent (e.g., 9-2). Similarly, each communication link toward the base station (e.g., module 9-5) will be selected by lowest cost (e.g., via module 9-4 rather than via module 9-3) as the network adapts to the existing transmission conditions. In the event the cost parameters change due, for example, to addition or re-location or inoperativeness of a module, then a transmission path to the base station for a remote module will be selected on such lower cost (e.g., from module 9-2 via module 9-3, or from module 9-1 via module 9-4 or 9-3), and such replaced module will be identified by the absence of its address in successive transmission by other, adjacent modules or in failure of response to a polling command from computer 19, 21, 23 (e.g., module 9-5).

Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a pictorial exploded view of one embodiment of the modules according to the present invention. Specifically, the module 9 may be configured in one embodiment as a truncated cone with a descending attached housing 16 that is suitably configured for containing batteries 25. The top or truncation may support photovoltaic or solar cells 27 that are connected to charge batteries 25. The module 9 conforms generally to the conical shape of a conventional highway marker 18 and is dimensioned to fit into the top or truncation of the highway market 18 as one form of support. Such cones may be conveniently stacked for storage. Of course, the module 9 may be suitably packaged differently, for example, as a top knob for positioning on a fence post, or the like.

The module 9 includes one or more proximity sensors 13 such as infrared detectors equipped with wide-angle lenses and disposed at different angular orientations about the periphery of the module 9 to establish overlapping fields of view. One or more miniature video cameras 10 may also be housed in the module 9 to include azimuth, elevation and focus operations under control of processor 17 in conventional manner.

Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a flow chart illustrating one operating embodiment of the present invention in which a proximity-sensing module detects 35 the transient presence of an object. Such detection may be by one or more of passive infrared or acoustic or magnetic sensing, or by active transmission and reception of transmitted and reflected energy. Such proximity sensing may be sampled or swept along all directional axes oriented about the placement of each module. The processor 17 in each module 9, 11 controls operation of the proximity sensor 13 of that module in order to generate data signals for transmission 39 to adjacent modules. The processor 17 may establish sensing intervals independently, or in response 37 to transmission thereto (via designated address or identification code) of commands from the central computer 19.

In addition to transmitting its own generated data signals, a module 9 receives and relays or re-transmits 41 data signals received from adjacent modules in the array of modules 9, 11, 12. Such data signals generated and transmitted or received and re-transmitted by a module among modules are received 43 by the central computer 19 which may analyze 47 the data signals to triangulate the location and path of movement of an intruder, or may analyze 47 the data signals relative to a database 45 of information, for example, regarding conditions about each selected module 9, 11, 12 or to compare intruder images against database images of the vicinity in order to trigger alarm conditions 49, or adjust 51 the database, or transmit 53 data or command signals to all or selected, addressed modules 9, 11, 12. One typical alarm response 49 may include commands for operation of an installed video surveillance camera 12 and associated high-level illumination 14 via its designated address as located in the vicinity of a detected true intrusion.

Computer analysis of data signals from adjacent addressed modules 9, 11 may profile the characteristics of changed circumstances in the vicinity of the addressed modules, and may identify an intruding object from database information on profiles and characteristics of various objects such as individuals, vehicles, and the like. The processor 17 of each module may include an output utilization circuit for controlling initialization of alarm conditions, or video surveillance of the vicinity, or the like. In addition, alarm utilization 49 determined from analyses of received data signals by the central computer 19 may facilitate triangulating to coordinates of the intrusion locations and along paths of movement for controlling camera 12 surveillance, and may also actuate overall alarm responses concerning the entire secured area.

In another operational embodiment of the present invention, the network assembled in a manner as previously described herein operates in time synchronized mode to conserve battery power. In this operating mode, the control station (e.g., computer 19) periodically broadcasts a reference time to all modules 9, 11, 12 in the network, either directly to proximate modules or via reception and re-broadcasts through proximate modules to more remote modules. Modules may correct for propagation delays through the assembly network, for example, via correlation with accumulated cost numbers as previously described herein.

Once all modules 9, 11, 12 are operable in time synchronism, they reduce operating power drain by entering low-power mode to operate the transceivers 15 only at selected intervals of, say, every 125-500 milliseconds. In this wake-up interval of few milliseconds duration, each transceiver transmits and/or receives broadcast data messages (in the absence of an intrusion anywhere), for example, of the type previously described to assess continuity of the assembled network, or to re-establish communications in the absence or failure of a module 9, 11, 12 previously assembled within the network.

In the presence of an intrusion detected by one module 9, 11, such time synchronism facilitates accurately recording time of detection across the entire network and promotes accurate comparisons of detection times among different modules. This enhances accuracy of triangulation among the modules 9, 11 to pinpoint the location, path of movement, time of occurrences, estimated trajectory of movement, and the like, of an actual intruder. In addition, with surveillance cameras 10, 12 normally turned off during low-power operating mode, true intrusion as determined by such time-oriented correlations of intruder movements among the modules 9, 11, 12 more accurately activates and aligns the cameras 10, 12 for pinpoint image formation of the intruder over the course of its movements.

The imaging of a true intrusion is initiated by a sensor 13 detecting some object not previously present within its sensing field of view. This ‘awakens’ or actuates the CPU 17 to full performance capabilities for controlling broadcast and reception of data signals between and among adjacent modules in order to determine occurrence of a true intrusion. Thus, modules 9, 11 within the sensor field of view of an intruder may communicate data signals to verify that all or some of the proximate modules 9, 11 also detect the intrusion. An intrusion sensed by one module 9, 11 and not also sensed by at least one additional module may be disregarded as constituting a false intrusion or other anomaly using a triangulation algorithm or routine, the CPU's 17 of the modules 9, 11 within range of the intruding object determine the relative locations and control their associated cameras 10, 12 to scan, scroll and zoom onto the intruder location from the various module locations. If intrusion activity is sensed during nighttime (e.g., indicated via solarcell inactivity), then associated lighting 10, 14 may also be activated under control of the associated CPU 17. If other adjacent modules do not sense or otherwise correlate the intruder information, the intrusion is disregarded as false, and the modules may return to low-power operating mode.

Camera images formed of a time intrusion are broadcast and relayed or re-broadcast over the network to the central computer 19 for comparisons there with image data in database 23 of the background and surroundings of the addressed modules 9, 11 that broadcast the intruder image data. Upon positive comparisons of the intruder image data against background image data, the central computer 19 may then broadcast further commands for camera tracking of the intruder, and initiate security alerts for human or other interventions.

In time synchronized manner, in the absence of any sensed intrusion, the central computer 19 periodically broadcasts a command to actuate cameras 10 of the modules 9, 11, 12 to scan the surroundings at various times of day and night and seasons to update related sections of the database 23 for later more accurate comparisons with suspected intruder images.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown a flow chart of operations among adjacent modules 9, 11, 12 in a network during an intrusion-sensing activity. Specifically, a set of units A and B of the modules 9, 11, 12 are initially operating 61 in low-power mode (i.e., and transceiver 15 and camera 10 and lights 14 unenergized, and CPU 17 in low-level operation), these units A and B may sense an intruding object 63 at about the same time, or at delayed times that overlap or correlate as each sensor ‘awakens’ 65 its associated CPU or micro-processor and transceiver to full activity. This enables the local CPU's or microprocessors of the units A and B to communicate 67 the respective intruder information to each other for comparisons and initial assessments of a true intrusion. Local cameras and lights may be activated 69 and controlled to form intruder image data for transmission back through the assembled network to the central computer 19. There, the image data is compared 71 with background image data from database 23 as stored therein by time of day, season, or the like, for determination of true intrusion. Upon positive detection of an intrusion, commands are broadcast throughout the network to activate cameras (and lights, as may be required) in order to coordinate intrusion movements, path, times of activities, image data and other useful information to log and store regarding the event. In addition, alarm information may be forwarded 73 to a control station to initiate human or other intervention. Of course, the lights 14 may operate in the infrared spectral region to complement infrared-sensing cameras 10 and to avoid alerting a human intruder about the active surveillance.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention each module 9 is initially fabricated with a unique ID code (analogous to or associated with its serial number) and with a capability of operating on one of any number of different operating RF frequencies. In this way, different distributed networks of such modules may be operated in coordinated, expanded regions to avoid significant limitations on number of modules operable in a region of overall surveillance. Also, such modules that are capable of operating at different RF frequencies (as the carrier or reference frequency) can be operated in time-oriented frequency-hopping mode to inhibit jamming or otherwise disabling an operating network.

Specifically, then, for a module 9 to be operably compatible with other modules in an assembled network of modules, each such module 9 is preconfigured, either as fabricated or as assigned upon entry into a network (as later described herein), with a few unique parameters. These include a unique operating frequency (or set of different operating frequencies) and a Group ID that enables a module 9 to operate only within its own networks group, a node address (to identify physical location within a network), and a network ID as fabricated (analogous to a unique serial number, as perhaps a 64-bit code). Alternatively, operability of a module 9 on a particular reference or carrier frequency (or set of such frequencies) may be all that is required for operation with other modules 9 in a distributed network. Other of these parameters may be desirable for exclusion of counterfeit modules from an operable network, or for efficient, low-power operation, and the like, as later described herein.

One overall objective of the present invention is to conveniently facilitate introduction of a new module into an operational assembly of such modules without need to preset or re-set operating parameters to new conditions or values sufficient to accommodate the new module. For convenient description herein, the following terms are used to describe the modules 9, the network, and operations thereof.

-   -   Base Station: computer-based controller and coordinator of         overall network operations.     -   Joined Node: a module 9 currently operable in a network that has         a NODE ADDR (node address) and GROUP ID (group identification         code) and RADIO FREQUENCY (RF or set of RF operating         frequencies).     -   New Node: a module 9 seeking to obtain operational access within         a network of Joined Nodes under control of a Base Station.

Each operably compatible module also has a unique ID that is installed as fabricated. Each Base Station stores a list of compatible ID codes (to inhibit inclusion of counterfeit or unauthorized modules), and stores one or more Radio Frequencies on which the network of modules is operable, and also generates and stores a list of unique Group ID's that can be assigned to modules 9, with an associated physical address by various coordinate, or other, schemes, to designate the location of a module.

In operation, as illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 7, a new module 9 disposed to enter an operating network of modules as a New Node initially broadcasts a Join Request within the local neighborhood of modules on a selected Radio Frequency. In networks operating at a given time on one of several different Radio Frequencies (as later described in detail herein), the New Node broadcasts 83 the Join Request at one of the several different Radio Frequencies 81. Modules 9 operating in the vicinity of the New Node routinely operate as previously described herein with reference to FIGS. 2, 3, 5 and 6 and additionally operate in accordance with the routine as illustrated in FIG. 8. Thus, a Joined Node is capable of sensing 85 a Join Request from such New Node in its vicinity. Upon receipt 87 of a Join Request, such Joined Node waits a random interval 89 during which it detects whether an acknowledgement signal was sent by another Joined Node in the vicinity of the New Node that also received the Join Request. If no such acknowledgement signal is received 91, then such Joined Node sends an acknowledgement signal 93 (indicating its status as the proxy or relaying module for the New Node), and also sends the Join Request over the operating network of modules 9 to the Base Station for that network.

Any other acknowledgement signal received 95 during the initial wait interval indicates that another Joined Node also having received the Join Request (and having a shorter random wait interval) shall serve as the proxy or relaying module for the New Node.

The New Node (operating according to the flow chart of FIG. 7) waits 97 to receive an acknowledgement signal and, if one is received 99, then waits 101 for a response to join the network in accordance with conditions and provisions established for the New Node by the Base Station (as later described herein). Receipt of an acknowledgement signal also indicates a correct selection of a Radio Frequency on which the network is operating.

Absence of an acknowledgement signal received within a delay interval 103 indicates incorrect selection of Radio Frequency (e.g., at that operational interval of the network), and a new one of the set of Radio Frequencies is selected 105 by which to again send a Join Request 83.

The Joined Node that shall serve as the proxy or relaying module also sends 107 the Join Request over the network, or Mesh, to the Base Station (per FIG. 8) and waits 109 for a return response therefrom through the Mesh.

As illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 9, the Base Station including a gateway 21 and computer 19 with associated database 23 also operates on received Join Requests in addition to operations as previously described herein. If a Join Request is received 111 over the Mesh, the database 23 including a listing of unique ID's for authentic modules is checked 113 and, if verified as authentic by entry on the unique ID list 115, the Base Station computer 19 assigns and sends 117 a Network ID, or Node ID, as part of an acceptance signal back to the New Node over the Mesh. A Network or Node ID may be selected, for example, from a stored listing in the Base Station of Nodes not ‘heard’ from in the Mesh for some period of time (as an indication that the New Node replaces a failed node). Alternatively, a New Network ID or Node ID may be established corresponding to a known physical location in the network.

An unauthentic unique ID for the New Node (e.g., not listed in the database) may determine that a rejection signal should be sent 121 over the Mesh back to the New Node. Alternatively, if the Base Station is to accommodate expansions 123 of the network, then a new unique ID may be added to the database of unique ID's 125, and a new Network ID may be added to the database (e.g., also associated with physical location of the New Node) for transmission back over the Mesh with an acceptance signal 117. The Base Station is then available for continuing control of the network or Mesh as newly configured with the New Node in accordance with operational activities as previously described herein, and is also then available 119 to receive new Join Requests.

As illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 8, the Joined Node serving as the proxy or relaying module receives back the acceptance (or rejection) signal 127 from the Base Station via the Mesh and relays or resends 129 the acceptance (or rejection) message to the New Node. Thereafter, the Joined Node serving as the proxy or relaying mode is available to operate within the Mesh or network as previously described herein, and also awaits 131 new Join Requests.

As illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 7, the New Node receives the join response 133 after an interval of processing at the Base Station (as previously described) and transmission through the Mesh. If no such response 133 is received after a delay interval 135, then the New Node is activated to reset to operate on another one of the set of Radio Frequencies to again send a Join Request 83 in the manner as previously described herein. All available Radio Frequencies may be utilized in this manner in order to attain an acceptance signal. After all available Radio Frequencies are utilized in this manner without a resultant acceptance signal, the New Node delays commencing a new cycle of broadcasting a Join Request separately and sequentially on each available Radio Frequency. After each such cycle of broadcasting a Join Request with no resultant acceptance signal, the New Node extends the delay interval prior to starting a new cycle of broadcasting a Join Request to conserve power and to enhance statistical probability of matching a reference or carrier Radio Frequency on which the Mesh is momentarily operating.

In the event a response is received 133 that rejects 137 entry into the Mesh or network, then the New Node may store indication 139 of the group (or assembled network) from which it was rejected and again initiate a new Join Request using another selected Radio Frequency (for possible entry into another assembled network, or group) that is also operational in the vicinity within the broadcast range of the New Node.

Upon receipt by the New Node of an acceptance signal, the New Node also receives a Group ID code or designation for its status and location in the assembled network or mesh. The Group ID may incorporate the unique ID as a mechanism for indicating that the acceptance signal is intended only for such New Node. Additionally, the frequency (if selected from a set of Radio Frequencies) designates the operational frequency to be used when communicating thereafter with any adjacent modules (not necessarily only the proxy or relaying module) during normal Mesh operation. The assigned Group ID and associated physical location within the Mesh now identified at the Base Station is beneficial, for example, for initiating verifying interrogations regarding a suspected intrusion at or near the location of such New Node, as by activating a video camera or other sensors, or the like.

Each module may be advantageously fabricated with ability to operate on any one of several different Radio Frequencies to conveniently facilitate ‘matching’ a New Node with any Mesh operating on at least one of the set of Radio Frequencies, without having to retain records of which module 9 as fabricated was set for operation in which Mesh at what one of such Radio Frequencies.

Additionally, such modules 9 operable on different ones of a set of Radio Frequencies greatly enhances immunity to jamming and the exclusion of unauthorized modules 9 from joining an operational network. Specifically, as indicated in FIGS. 10A, B, C, a pictorial illustration of a typical network of distributed modules 9 and Base Station 19, 21, 23 that may receive a Join Request broadcast by module 9 a as a New Node. In this mode of operation, module 9 b as the Joined Node and proxy (having shorter random delay time than module 9 c that also received the Join Request) transmits its acknowledgement of the Join Request received (as described above), and also forwards the Join Request through the network toward the Base Station 19, 21, 23. After processing in the Base Station (as described above), the acceptance signal is returned to the Joined Node 9 b that then relays the acceptance signal (incorporating the Unique ID as the assigned Network ID) to the New Node 9 a (as described above). Any unauthorized or incompatible parameters (e.g., not a proper Radio Frequency, not a listed or authorized Unique ID, or the like) inhibits the New Node 9 a from gaining operational access to the assembled network.

Another overall objective of the present invention is to conveniently reprogram individual modules with updated software using the radio links established between modules and between a module and the base station. New software to be loaded into each of the modules 9, 11, 12 is presented to the base station 19, 21, 23 that maintains a list in the database 23 of the network ID's for all operative modules that are active in the network. The computer 19 in the base station breaks up the new software into small code capsules that can be transmitted within a single radio packet between modules.

Although the base station may maintain a list of the network ID's of all the operative modules, there may not be corresponding geographical information about the location of each module 9, 11, 12. However, the base station 19, 21, 23 maintains information about relative depth of a module within the network, i.e., the number of “hops” a module is displaced from the base station. Thus, a module 9, 11, 12 that is displaced via 2 hops from the base station requires two radio transmissions and an intermediate module serving to relay the radio transmission to the ultimate designated recipient module. Multiple transmission hops and intermediate modules along a transmission path from the base station to a module designated by its network ID consume battery power, so should be managed in an energy-efficient manner.

Each module 9, 11, 12 includes a microprocessor and a limited program memory that is to be updated by new software. Additionally, each module typically has limited battery power so commonly operates in “sleep” mode at low power consumption awaiting sensor or transmission stimulus to trigger full-power operation. Over-The-Air Programming (OTAP) of remote modules 9, 11, 12 from the base station is achieved in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention by storing an OTAP utility or service code in an external memory in each module for access when needed during usually infrequent occasions of reprogramming the module. This obviates the need to consume operational program memory and SRAM memory of a module with infrequently-used OTAP utility program. Instead, such utility program can be loaded from external memory into operational program memory and SRAM only as needed during reprogramming events.

Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 13, a reprogram for all (or selected subset) of modules 9, 11, 12 is loaded 161 (as a code image) into the base station 19, 21, 23 with a list 163 of the modules identified by their network ID's that are to be reprogrammed. Then, as illustrated in FIG. 14, the base station transmits a message 165 to alert the identified modules (or motes) of the upcoming program updating requirement, and to load the OTAP program 167 (from external memory) into working memory. Low-power operation of the modules 9, 11, 12 usually limits available bandwidth and radio packet throughput, with resultant extended time to reprogram the modules. Thus, the OTAP utility program also initiates full-power operation for higher throughput rate of radio packets. As previously described herein, the base station 19, 21, 23 breaks up the new program into capsules of the program of bit-size small enough to be contained within radio packets that are transmitted between modules. Thus, greater rates of capsules/second transmission are achieved at high power, higher bandwidth operations of the modules. After the new program is received, the network of modules is commanded by the base station communicating through the modules as previously described herein to load the new program and return to the low-power sleep-made operating state.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the reprogramming of the modules is accelerated using “promiscuous listening” in a manner as illustrated in FIG. 15. That is, a module which is likely to require reprogramming, and that receives or overhears the radio transmission of program capsules being transmitted between other modules, will store the overheard program capsules. Since the base station maintains data indicative of the relative depth of designated modules within the network (i.e., by “hop” count), the new program is initially sent to modules at highest hop counts 171. This assures that intermediate modules as relayers of capsule transmissions, as well as adjacent modules in reception range, also receive and can store the transmitted program or code capsules. With high probability that such modules will also require the updated program, these modules may store the overheard program capsules in advance of being designated to receive specific radio packets. After the base station has sent code capsules to the intended module of high-order hop count, the other modules are polled 173 by the base station to determine which code capsules each module still requires. Only missing code capsules 175 are then sent by the base station to a designated module (usually of lower hop count). In this way, all modules can be reprogrammed more rapidly than by iterative, repetitious complete transmission of the same code capsules to each designated module.

As the new code image (i.e., the new software) is loaded into modules in the manner as described above, the modules switch back to low-power operating state within the network. Thus, some modules earlier loaded with code capsules will operate in low-power (usually low bandwidth) network state while other modules continue operating in high power state, with resultant loss of transmitted messages and possible disruption of the network. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a re-boot command is sent by the base station to the modules of the network following loading of the new code image to all modules. The reboot command includes a variable delay that is longer for modules of higher hop count, to accommodate longer transmission times of the reboot command through intermediate, relaying modules.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, as illustrated in the pictorial diagram of FIG. 11, a plural number of separately operable networks may be assembled within each of the Meshes 141, 143, 145 using compatible modules 9 under control of a separate Base Station 147, 149, 151 in each Mesh. Each of the Base Stations 147, 149, 151 and the associated Mesh 141, 143, 145 are operable at a plurality of different Radio Frequencies as the reference or carrier frequency over which the communication channels throughout the network are established (as discussed above). A particular set of a plural number of Radio Frequencies (selected, for example, from within the allowable bandwith of the Business Radio Service established by the Federal Communications Commission) and designated as frequencies 1, 2, 3 and 4 are shown listed in the attached Table of FIG. 12. Of course, more than 4 Radio Frequencies and more than 4 networks may be used. These frequencies are shifted in successive time intervals, for example, in accordance with the sequence illustrated in the Table to avoid overlapping interactions between even adjacent modules operating at different Radio Frequencies in separate networks. The synchronizing of such frequency shifts is accomplished via signals transmitted between Base Stations 147, 149, 151 along the communication links 153 using any conventional schemes and protocols. Alternatively, frequency shifts to encoded Radio Frequencies may be accomplished in random or pseudo-random manner using such coded information distributed to modules and Base Station of each network at selected periodic or aperiodic intervals. In this way, interactions are inhibited even at adjacent locations between otherwise compatible modules operating in different networks at different Radio Frequencies at any given time.

Therefore, the deployable sensor modules and the self-adaptive networks formed thereby greatly facilitate establishing surveillance within and around a secure area without time-consuming and expensive requirements of hard-wiring of modules to a central computer. In addition, data signals generated by, or received from other adjacent modules and re-transmitted among adjacent modules promotes self-adaptive formation of distributed sensing networks that can self configure around blocked or inoperative modules to preserve integrity of the surveillance established by the interactive sensing modules. Adaptive activity of a new node seeking operable access to an existing network facilitates engagement of a standard module into unique operational relationship within the network. 

1. A network including: a plurality of modules, each of the modules for operation in communication with other ones of the modules forming an adaptive network thereof, each of the plurality of modules having a unique identification code and comprising: a transceiver configured to transmit and receive signals on a selected frequency of electromagnetic energy; at least one sensor for detecting proximity of an object; and a processor coupled to the transceiver and the sensor for forming a data signal representative of sensed proximity of an object for transmission with the respective identification code via the transceiver, said processor producing for transmission by the transceiver a join request that includes the identification code of the module, said join request representative of a request by the module to operate within the network; said transceiver receiving an acknowledgement signal from a second module operating within the network if no acknowledgement signal is transmitted by any additional modules within a time interval measured at the second module; and a base station including computer and a memory for storing identification codes and receiving said join request, said computer comparing the identification code in the received join request to the stored identification codes and forwarding a reply signal indicative of the resultant comparison.
 2. The module according to claim 1 in which the time interval is of random duration.
 3. A network according to claim 1 in which the reply signal indicates rejection as an unfavorable resultant comparison.
 4. A network according to claim 3 in which the reply signal incorporates the identification code and a network identifier identifying the network.
 5. A network according to claim 1 in which the reply signal indicates acceptance as a favorable comparison.
 6. A network according to claim 1 in which the electromagnetic energy communications operate on one of a plurality of different radio frequencies.
 7. A network according to claim 6 in which the computer selectively alters the radio frequencies at which the communications operate.
 8. A network according to claim 7 in which the computer recurringly alters the radio frequencies through a sequence of different radio frequencies.
 9. A system including a plurality of networks according to claim 6 in which each network of the plurality of network operates at a different one of the radio frequencies during successive intervals.
 10. A system according to claim 9 including a communication link coupled to a base station in each of the plurality of networks for synchronizing operations of the plural networks on different ones of the plurality of radio frequencies during the successive intervals.
 11. A method for operating a system including a plurality of networks, each network including a base station and a plurality of modules in communication via electromagnetic energy, in which each module includes a sensor for transmitting a data signal representative of proximity of an object, the method comprising: selectively altering radio frequencies of the electromagnetic energy during successive operating intervals; linking the base stations of the networks for signal communications therebetween; and synchronizing the operating radio frequencies of the networks via signal communications therebetween to different ones of a set of different radio frequencies during successive operating intervals.
 12. The method according to claim 11 in which the radio frequencies are altered in a selected sequence of different radio frequencies during successive operating intervals.
 13. A method of operating a module in a network including a base station and a plurality of such modules that each have an associated identification code and that each transmit and receive electromagnetic signals, the method comprising: responding to an electromagnetic signal received from another module representative of a request for operational access to the network; delaying for an interval transmission of an acknowledgment signal indicative of receipt of the signal representative of a request wherein the interval of delay is random; sensing during the interval transmission of an acknowledgment signal from another module in the network, and a): in the presence of an acknowledgment signal from another module, not transmitting an acknowledgment signal, or b): in the absence of an acknowledgment signal from another module, transmitting an acknowledgment and retransmitting the signal representative of the request.
 14. The method according to claim 13 in which the identification code of the module transmitting the signal representative of a request is included in the re-transmitted signal.
 15. The method according to claim 14 in which a coded signal associated with the identification code of the module retransmitting the signal is included in the re-transmitted retransmitted signal.
 16. The method according to claim 14 in which the retransmitted signal is transmitted on a radio frequency signal having one of a set of a plurality of different frequencies.
 17. The method according to claim 15 including: receiving a reply signal in response to the retransmission of the signal representative of the request, said reply signal including a) the coded signal and b) a request to retransmit the reply signal to the module that originated the electromagnetic signal representative of the request for operational access; and responding to the reply signal.
 18. The method according to claim 17 in which the reply signal includes either a): a signal indicative of a rejection of the request or b): a signal indicative of acceptance of the request and including a new coded signal associated with the identification code of the module transmitting the signal representative of the request.
 19. The method according to claim 18 including assigning a unique network address as the new coded signal.
 20. A method for operating a module to access an operating network of a plurality of such modules that each include an identification code and that each transmit and receive electromagnetic signals, the method comprising: initiating transmission of a signal representative of a request for operational access to the networks; detecting for an interval receipt of a signal from the network indicative of acknowledgment of the transmission of the signal representative of the request; after the interval a) in the absence of detecting a signal indicative of acknowledgment, retransmitting a signal representative of a request for operational access to the network, or b) upon detecting a signal indicative of acknowledgment, initiating a delay interval within which to receive from the network a transmitted signal indicative of rejection of a signal indicating acceptance of the request with an associated coded signal; and in response to receiving a signal indicative of acceptance of the request, installing the coded signal as a network address for operational access within the network.
 21. The method according to claim 20 in which retransmitting a signal representative of a request includes altering transmission on a different one of a set of a plurality of different radio frequencies.
 22. A method of operating a network including a base station and a plurality of modules that can each receive and transmit electromagnetic signals between modules and between a module and the base station, the method comprising: operating a network of a plurality of the modules in electromagnetic signal communication directly or via intermediate modules with the base station; storing in each module a program for modifying operation of the module incident to receiving transmission of software; operating the base station to activate the program stored in a module; segmenting in the base station a plurality of code capsules of the software to be supplied to the modules, for electromagnetic signal transmission to a module via one or more intermediate modules; storing the code capsules in modules also receiving the electromagnetic signal transmission of code capsules; polling the modules for an indication of which code capsules were not received by a specific module; and transmitting from the base station to the specific module either directly or through one or more intermediate modules the code capsules not received by the specific module; transmitting from the base station to the modules of the network either directly or through one or more intermediate modules a command for executing a reboot of the modules on the software supplied thereto, the command including a delay of the execution by a specific module associated with a number of intermediate modules transmitting the command to the specific module.
 23. The method according to claim 22 in which each module includes operational memory and auxiliary memory, and including: storing the program in auxiliary memory in each module; and initiating from the base station a command to transfer in a module the program stored in auxiliary memory to the operational memory. 